adminPharma INTRODUCTION: World Health Organization (WHO) database on Global Health Expenditure, the United States allocated 17% of its resources towards healthcare, whereas India allocated 4% (WHO Indicators). The substantial expenditure on wellness has influenced the attention of both the research and development divisions of global corporations and customers towards food products that offer health advantages.[1]The “Nutraceutical” … Read more
Introduction Hypertension affects approximately 1.4 billion individuals globally and remains a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which are now the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1]. A central pathological feature of hypertension is endothelial dysfunction, which is marked by impaired vasodilation, increased vasoconstriction, cellular proliferation, and a shift toward a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state … Read more
Introduction Fermented foods have emerged as a promising source of bioactive peptides (BAPs) that demonstrate significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, offering sustainable alternatives to synthetic preservatives and therapeutic agents [1]. BAPs are peptides consisting of 2 to 20 amino acids originating from precursor proteins following an activation process involving multiple reactions such as chemical hydrolysis, … Read more
INTRODUCTION Parasitic worms, known as helminths, are a significant source of public health concern due to their widespread occurrence in both human and animal populations, resulting in a high incidence of infection.Helminth infections are estimated to affect approximately a quarter of the world’s population.Helminths are unique among parasites because they multiply inside the definitive host … Read more
Introduction Flavonoids are quite an important class of natural substances. Specifically, these are a type of secondary metabolic by-products from crops that have a polyphenolic framework as well as are frequently found in vegetables, fruits, and some beverages [1]. These substances provide plants with adefense against diseases, UV rays, and herbivores [2]. Anthocyanins, flavones, flavanols, … Read more
Introduction Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. This condition can arise from either excessive glucose production or insufficient insulin secretion [1]. Diabetes is a chronic condition that currently has no known cure; however, it can be effectively managed through medication, a balanced diet, and … Read more
According to the WHO, 21,000 plants reutilized for medicinal purposes worldwide, and India has a rich tradition of using medicinal herbs and spices. There are 2,500 species in India, while 150 of them are used extensively for economic purposes[1]. Day-by-day usage for plant-based medications is rising globally including in India[2].Due to the presence of phytochemicals, … Read more
Cancer is a severe disease that has a significant impact on a global scale. It does not differentiate based on age or gender, although certain types of cancer are more common in one gender than the other.Roughly 95 percent of cancer cases are the result of genetic mutations driven by environmental and lifestyle factors, while … Read more
Introduction The rotation of plane-polarized light by chiral substances was first observed in 1812 by a French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot. Chiral chemistry was discovered by Louis Pasteur, a French chemist & biologist, in 1848 by inventing 2 isomers of sodium potassium tartrate (Fig. 1). The term chirality was coined in 1894 by Lord Kelvin, a … Read more
Introduction A theory is merely an explanation for a phenomenon that is applicable to a wide variety of situations and contexts. As such, the ideas covered in this chapter explain why people use and abuse substances under a range of diverse settings and circumstances.In the late 19th century, scientific inquiry into the problem of drug … Read more