1. Introduction The development of vaccines has changed the course of infectious illnesses and world health in significant ways, making them a landmark achievement in medical history [20]. Modern immunisation procedures have their roots in the work of Edward Jenner, who proved in the late 18th century that inoculation with cowpox could protect against smallpox … Read more
Introduction Diagnostic cytology, focuses on the examination of individual cells to assess their structure, function, and intrinsic properties. The first application of cytology in skin disorders was introduced by Tzanck in 1947. Tzanck’s technique was initially used to diagnose vesiculo-bullous conditions, especially herpes simplex, and since then, dermatologists have increasingly relied on cytology to diagnose … Read more
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that affects millions worldwide, significantly diminishing quality of life. Unlike osteoarthritis, which arises due to mechanical wear and tear, RA is rooted in immune system dysfunction [1]. In this condition, the body’s defense mechanisms mistakenly target its own tissues, particularly the synovial membrane lining the joints. … Read more
Introduction Migraine is a complex and disabling neurological disorder that extends far beyond a simple headache, affecting over a billion individuals globally. It is characterized by intense unilateral throbbing pain, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia, with some patients experiencing sensory disturbances or “aura” before onset. The condition predominantly affects women between the … Read more
1. Introduction The Unani System of Medicine (USM) also known as Graeco-Arabic Medicine, Unani Tibb, or Greco-Arab Medicine, is one of the oldest and most systematically developed traditional medical systems in human history, with its origins traceable to ancient Greece approximately 2,500–2,700 years ago [1,2].The word ‘Unani’ is derived from the Arabic transliteration of ‘Ionian’, … Read more
INTRODUCTION: World Health Organization (WHO) database on Global Health Expenditure, the United States allocated 17% of its resources towards healthcare, whereas India allocated 4% (WHO Indicators). The substantial expenditure on wellness has influenced the attention of both the research and development divisions of global corporations and customers towards food products that offer health advantages.[1]The “Nutraceutical” … Read more
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in older adults, marked by progressive neurodegenerative alterations that affect the brain across different stages of the disease 1. Neuronal and synaptic degeneration in the cerebral cortex and specific subcortical regions is a hallmark of AD, leading to pronounced atrophy in regions such ascingulate gyrus, frontal … Read more
Introduction Hypertension affects approximately 1.4 billion individuals globally and remains a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which are now the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1]. A central pathological feature of hypertension is endothelial dysfunction, which is marked by impaired vasodilation, increased vasoconstriction, cellular proliferation, and a shift toward a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state … Read more
Introduction Fermented foods have emerged as a promising source of bioactive peptides (BAPs) that demonstrate significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, offering sustainable alternatives to synthetic preservatives and therapeutic agents [1]. BAPs are peptides consisting of 2 to 20 amino acids originating from precursor proteins following an activation process involving multiple reactions such as chemical hydrolysis, … Read more
Introduction Flavonoids are quite an important class of natural substances. Specifically, these are a type of secondary metabolic by-products from crops that have a polyphenolic framework as well as are frequently found in vegetables, fruits, and some beverages [1]. These substances provide plants with adefense against diseases, UV rays, and herbivores [2]. Anthocyanins, flavones, flavanols, … Read more