INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Sickle Cell Anemia Despite decades of advancements in biomedicine, sickle cell anemia (SCA), one of the most researched monogenic illnesses, continues to be a significant health burden worldwide. The disorder is caused by a single A→T transversion in the HBB gene (rs334), which causes valine to replace glutamic acid at position … Read more
Introduction Pharmaceutical effluents have become important environmental sources of antibiotic contamination because manufacturing plants and related discharge streams can release active antimicrobial residues, resistant bacteria, and resistance genes into receiving waters, thereby creating pollution hotspots where selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance can persist beyond the point of drug production, as described by [1]. Unlike short-term … Read more
Introduction Ebola virus (EBOV) and Lassa virus (LASV) pose immediate, severe threats to human life and public health, as demonstrated by ongoing outbreaks of EBOV disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Lassa fever (LF) in Nigeria. Despite their high morbidity and mortality, EVD and LF are difficult to diagnose because … Read more
1. Introduction “Nano” is a thousand millionth of a metre. The branch of nanotechnology is the name given to the science that studies structures and molecules on a nanoscale level that range from atoms to macromolecules [1] [2]. Nanotechnology works on the atomic, molecular, and sub-molecular level [3]. The properties of the nanoparticle and the bulk material shows … Read more
Introduction Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major component of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which remains a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. For a long time, oral anticoagulation therapy was based entirely on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin [1]. Warfarin has repeatedly proven its strong clinical efficacy in preventing recurrence of … Read more
1. Introduction The effectiveness of drug therapy varies substantially among individuals due to differences in genetic makeup, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, age, sex, and disease characteristics. Conventional therapeutic approaches typically rely on standardized treatment protocols that assume similar drug responses across patient populations. However, clinical observations have demonstrated that patients receiving identical medications often exhibit … Read more
1. INTRODUCTION Reflexology occupies a unique position in the landscape of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), combining elements of manual therapy, neurophysiological theory, and ancient healing traditions. In modern clinical contexts, reflexology involves the systematic application of pressure to designated reflex points on the feet, hands, and ears, with the therapeutic premise that these points … Read more
Introduction The verifiable evolution of drug delivery systems highlights the progression from simple formulations to sophisticated, technology-driven approaches. Sustained release preparations offer numerous advantages over the conventional forms. The main objective of a sustained release dosage form is to maintain blood drug levels at a stable, non-toxic and therapeutically effective concentration over an extended period … Read more
INTRODUCTION“The Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA)” framework was established in 2004 during “The Project Bioshield Act 2004”, in the “Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act”, to ratify the use of specific medical products during emergency health situations [1]. It acts as an essential resource for medical practitioners and healthcare officials engaged in a public health crisis … Read more
Though technology comprises various facets, one broad definition is technology as the use of computers, computer systems, and other forms of technology to manage, process, and disseminate information. Technology covers a wide range of specialities. For instance, cybersecurity and IT Support are included as part of technology. A business firm can hardly function without technology … Read more